Laboratoire Univers et Théories
Présentation
Le Laboratoire Univers et Théories (LUTH) est une unité mixte de recherche (UMR 8102) du CNRS, de l’Observatoire de Paris et de l’Université de Paris. Le laboratoire regroupe une cinquantaine de personnes dont une petite moitié de chercheurs statutaires (CNRS, Universités, CNAP). L’activité scientifique du laboratoire se concentre essentiellement sur l’étude théorique des systèmes astrophysiques et sur leur modélisation. Une part des activités concerne également le traitement des données des observations à hautes énergies.
Le LUTH est actuellement organisé autour de trois thématiques. Le groupe Cosmologie étudie la formation des grandes structures de l’Univers et en particulier l’influence de la matière noire sur ce processus. L’équipe Phénomènes aux hautes énergies se consacre à la modélisation et à l’observation de objets comme les pulsars ou les noyaux actifs de galaxies. Une partie des activités concerne également la préparation des futurs instruments et la gestion des bases de données liées aux observations. La thématique Relativité et Objets Compacts se propose de travailler sur les différentes situations astrophysiques où la gravité est intense et décrite par la théorie d’Einstein. On pense principalement aux supernovae, aux étoiles à neutrons et aux trous noirs.
Par la diversité des sujets abordés, le LUTH est un laboratoire faisant la part belle à la pluridisciplinarité. Il regroupe des chercheurs aux profils variés venant de l’astronomie, de la physique théorique ou encore de la physique nucléaire. Cette richesse est illustrée par le fait que le laboratoire soit rattaché à trois instituts du CNRS (INSU, INP et IN2P3).
Le laboratoire a une forte composante numérique. Il s’agit non seulement de réaliser des simulations ou des calculs par l’outil informatique mais également de développer des outils performants, le plus souvent mis à la disposition de la communauté scientifique. Cette tâche bénéficie du soutien de l’équipe informatique du laboratoire qui comprend des ingénieurs spécialisés dans ce domaine.
Le LUTH, tout en étant fidèle à son ADN de laboratoire dédié à la modélisation et à la théorie, n’est pas déconnecté des grandes avancées observationnelles de l’astrophysique. Ses membres sont actifs dans de nombreux projets sol ou spatial, aussi bien dans les phases de préparation que d’exploitation des données. Ces activités peuvent prendre la forme de participation officielles aux projets (CTA, Euclid, HESS, LISA) ou d’échanges scientifiques moins formels (Gravity, Planck, PTA, SKA, Virgo...)
L’enseignement et la formation par la recherche font partie intégrante des missions de LUTH. Les chercheurs sont impliqués dans l’enseignement de leur spécialités à presque tous les niveaux des cursus universitaires ou des grandes écoles. Une dizaine de doctorants effectuent leur thèse au sein du laboratoire.
Les chercheurs du LUTH sont conscients de l’importance de la diffusion de la connaissance scientifique en direction du grand public. Cela peut prendre la forme de rencontres avec des scolaires, de participation à des conférences, en passant par des interventions dans les médias pour commenter les nouvelles scientifiques du moment.
Thèmes de recherche
Phénomènes aux Hautes Energies (Equipe PHE)
L’équipe PHE se consacre à l’étude des sources astrophysiques aux hautes énergies et de la physique des milieux moléculaires hors équilibre thermodynamique.
Relativité et Objets Compacts (Equipe ROC)
Les thèmes de recherche de l'équipe ROC concernent la théorie et les tests de la gravitation, les ondes gravitationnelles, la formation et les propriétés des astres compacts (étoiles à neutrons, trous noirs). Le développement d'outils numériques ouverts et originaux y tient une place importante.
Cosmologie : structures et origines (Equipe COS)
L'activité de l'équipe COS couvre plusieurs sujets de recherche en cosmologie parmi lesquels l'étude de l'Energie Noire et ses empreintes sur la formation et évolution des grandes structures cosmiques, travaux qui sont réalisé à l'aide de simulations numériques a haute-performance.
[hal-03732292] Weibel Instability and Associated Strong Fields in a Fully Three-Dimensional Simulation of a Relativistic Shock
Date: 21 7 月 2022 - 11:09
Desc: Plasma instabilities (e.g., Buneman, Weibel, and other two-stream instabilities) excited in collisionless shocks are responsible for particle (electron, positron, and ion) acceleration. Using a new three-dimensional relativistic particle-in-cell code, we have investigated the particle acceleration and shock structure associated with an unmagnetized relativistic electron-positron jet propagating into an unmagnetized electron-positron plasma. The simulation has been performed using a long simulation system in order to study the nonlinear stages of the Weibel instability, the particle acceleration mechanism, and the shock structure. Cold jet electrons are thermalized and slowed while the ambient electrons are swept up to create a partially developed hydrodynamic-like shock structure. In the leading shock, electron density increases by a factor of lsim3.5 in the simulation frame. Strong electromagnetic fields are generated in the trailing shock and provide an emission site. We discuss the possible implication of our simulation results within the active galactic nuclei and gamma-ray burst context.
[hal-03742777] Radiation from relativistic shocks in turbulent magnetic fields
Date: 2 8 月 2022 - 14:54
Desc: Using our new 3-D relativistic particle-in-cell (PIC) code parallelized with MPI, we investigated long-term particle acceleration associated with a relativistic electron-positron jet propagating in an unmagnetized ambient electron-positron plasma. The simulations were performed using a much longer simulation system than our previous simulations in order to investigate the full nonlinear stage of the Weibel instability and its particle acceleration mechanism. Cold jet electrons are thermalized and ambient electrons are accelerated in the resulting shocks. Acceleration of ambient electrons leads to a maximum ambient electron density three times larger than the original value as predicted by hydrodynamic shock compression. In the jet (reverse) shock behind the bow (forward) shock the strongest electromagnetic fields are generated. These fields may lead to time dependent afterglow emission. In order to calculate radiation from first principles that goes beyond the standard synchrotron model used in astrophysical objects we have used PIC simulations. Initially we calculated radiation from electrons propagating in a uniform parallel magnetic field to verify the technique. We then used the technique to calculate emission from electrons in a small simulation system. From these simulations we obtained spectra which are consistent with those generated from electrons propagating in turbulent magnetic fields with red noise. This turbulent magnetic field is similar to the magnetic field generated at an early nonlinear stage of the Weibel instability. A fully developed shock within a larger simulation system may generate a jitter/synchrotron spectrum.
[hal-01797468] HESS J1741−302: a hidden accelerator in the Galactic plane
Date: 6 9 月 2024 - 11:50
Desc: The H.E.S.S. Collaboration has discovered a new very high energy (VHE, E > 0.1 TeV) γ-ray source, HESS J1741−302, located in the Galactic plane. Despite several attempts to constrain its nature, no plausible counterpart has been found so far at X-ray and MeV/GeV γ-ray energies, and the source remains unidentified. An analysis of 145-h of observations of HESS J1741−302 at VHEs has revealed a steady and relatively weak TeV source (~1% of the Crab Nebula flux), with a spectral index of Γ = 2.3 ± 0.2stat ± 0.2sys, extending to energies up to 10 TeV without any clear signature of a cut-off. In a hadronic scenario, such a spectrum implies an object with particle acceleration up to energies of several hundred TeV. Contrary to most H.E.S.S. unidentified sources, the angular size of HESS J1741−302 is compatible with the H.E.S.S. point spread function at VHEs, with an extension constrained to be below 0.068° at a 99% confidence level. The γ-ray emission detected by H.E.S.S. can be explained both within a hadronic scenario, due to collisions of protons with energies of hundreds of TeV with dense molecular clouds, and in a leptonic scenario, as a relic pulsar wind nebula, possibly powered by the middle-aged (20 kyr) pulsar PSR B1737−30. A binary scenario, related to the compact radio source 1LC 358.266+0.038 found to be spatially coincident with the best fit position of HESS J1741−302, is also envisaged.Key words: gamma rays: ISM / gamma rays: general / cosmic rays / ISM: clouds★★ Wallenberg Academy Fellow.
[hal-01724846] Population study of Galactic supernova remnants at very high γ-ray energies with H.E.S.S.
Date: 6 9 月 2024 - 11:16
Desc: Shell-type supernova remnants (SNRs) are considered prime candidates for the acceleration of Galactic cosmic rays (CRs) up to the knee of the CR spectrum at E ≈ 3 × 1015 eV. Our Milky Way galaxy hosts more than 350 SNRs discovered at radio wavelengths and at high energies, of which 220 fall into the H.E.S.S. Galactic Plane Survey (HGPS) region. Of those, only 50 SNRs are coincident with a H.E.S.S source and in 8 cases the very high-energy (VHE) emission is firmly identified as an SNR. The H.E.S.S. GPS provides us with a legacy for SNR population study in VHE γ-rays and we use this rich data set to extract VHE flux upper limits from all undetected SNRs. Overall, the derived flux upper limits are not in contradiction with the canonical CR paradigm. Assuming this paradigm holds true, we can constrain typical ambient density values around shell-type SNRs to n ≤ 7 cm−3 and electron-to-proton energy fractions above 10 TeV to ϵep ≤ 5 × 10−3. Furthermore, comparisons of VHE with radio luminosities in non-interacting SNRs reveal a behaviour that is in agreement with the theory of magnetic field amplification at shell-type SNRs.Key words: gamma rays: general / ISM: supernova remnants
[hal-01781990] The H.E.S.S. Galactic plane survey
Date: 6 9 月 2024 - 10:56
Desc: We present the results of the most comprehensive survey of the Galactic plane in very high-energy (VHE) γ-rays, including a public release of Galactic sky maps, a catalog of VHE sources, and the discovery of 16 new sources of VHE γ-rays. The High Energy Spectroscopic System (H.E.S.S.) Galactic plane survey (HGPS) was a decade-long observation program carried out by the H.E.S.S. I array of Cherenkov telescopes in Namibia from 2004 to 2013. The observations amount to nearly 2700 h of quality-selected data, covering the Galactic plane at longitudes from ℓ = 250° to 65° and latitudes |b|≤ 3°. In addition to the unprecedented spatial coverage, the HGPS also features a relatively high angular resolution (0.08° ≈ 5 arcmin mean point spread function 68% containment radius), sensitivity (≲1.5% Crab flux for point-like sources), and energy range (0.2–100 TeV). We constructed a catalog of VHE γ-ray sources from the HGPS data set with a systematic procedure for both source detection and characterization of morphology and spectrum. We present this likelihood-based method in detail, including the introduction of a model component to account for unresolved, large-scale emission along the Galactic plane. In total, the resulting HGPS catalog contains 78 VHE sources, of which 14 are not reanalyzed here, for example, due to their complex morphology, namely shell-like sources and the Galactic center region. Where possible, we provide a firm identification of the VHE source or plausible associations with sources in other astronomical catalogs. We also studied the characteristics of the VHE sources with source parameter distributions. 16 new sources were previously unknown or unpublished, and we individually discuss their identifications or possible associations. We firmly identified 31 sources as pulsar wind nebulae (PWNe), supernova remnants (SNRs), composite SNRs, or gamma-ray binaries. Among the 47 sources not yet identified, most of them (36) have possible associations with cataloged objects, notably PWNe and energetic pulsars that could power VHE PWNe.Key words: gamma rays: general / surveys / Galaxy: general★ The source catalog is available at the CDS via anonymous ftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or via http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/qcat?J/A+A/612/A1
Autres contacts
Section de Meudon
Bâtiment du LAM (n°18)
5, place Jules Janssen
92190 MEUDON CEDEX
